Preface

Summary of Contents

Table of Contents

A. The Law in This and Other Jurisdictions

1.1 The rule

1.2 Origins

1.3 Scope of the rule

1.4 The rule of admissibility

1.5 The English discretionary rule of exclusion

1.5A The new Australian discretionary rule of exclusion

1.6 Other jurisdictions summarized

1.7 Canada

1.8 United States

1.9 Scots and Irish law

1.10 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (i) Accident or not?

1.11 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (ii) Seriousness of illegality

1.12 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (iii) Urgency

1.13 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (iv) Public and private persons

1.14 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (v) Special statutory policies

1.15 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (vi) Ease of compliance

1.16 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (vii) Seriousness of the crime

1.17 Relevant factors in Scotland and Eire: (viii) The necessity of illegality

B. Issues of Principle

2.1 Questions of principle: arguments in favour of the Kuruma doctrine

2.2 Questions of principle: arguments against the Kuruma doctrine

2.3 Questions of principle: is there a need to legislate in view of Bunning v. Cross?

C. A Proposal

3.1 A compromise

3.2 The proposal: other support

3.3 Section 200 summarized

3.4 Section 200: improperly obtained evidence compared to illegally obtained evidence

3.5 Section 200(5): illegalities against persons other than an accused person 48

3.6 Section 200(5): improprieties for which persons other than police officers are responsible

3.7 Section 200(2) and (4): consequential discoveries

3.8 Section 200: all legal proceedings

3.9 Section 200(1): burden of proof

3.9A Section 200 (5): illegal acts in relation to persons

3.9B Section 200 (5)(a): illegal act outside New South Wales

3.10 Section 200 (6)(b)(i): the seriousness of any offence investigated

3.11 Section 200 (6)(b)(ii): excuses for improper act

3.12 Section 200 (6)(b)(iii): the urgency of identifying offenders

3.13 Section 200 (6)(b)(iii): difficulty of detecting offenders

3.14 Section 200 (6)(b)(iv): urgency of need to preserve evidence

3.15 Section 200 (6)(b)(v) and (vi): nature, deliberateness and seriousness of improper act, and whether it is prevalent

3.16 Section 200(6)(b)(vii): ease of compliance

3.17 Section 200 (6)(b)(viii): importance of the evidence

3.18 Section 200 (6)(b)(ix): prior punishment or remedying of wrong

3.19 Section 200 (6)(b)(x): reliability

3.20 Section 200 (6): other factors

3.21 Section 200 (6): constitutional rules, statutory rules, common law rules

3.22 Section 200 (6): balancing of relevant factors

3.23 Section 200(8): admissions and confessions

3.24 Section 200 (9): the section as a code

3.25 Section 200(10): other grounds of exclusion preserved

Appendix A - Draft Bill

Tables:

Statutes

References to Draft Bill

Cases

Abbreviations