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Where am I now? Lawlink > Law Reform Commission > Publications > Report 36 (1983) - De Facto Relationships
Report 36 (1983) - De Facto Relationships Table of Contents
Summary of Principal Recommendations
Part I: Introduction
I. Terms of Reference A. The Reference B. Scope of the Reference C. Terminology II. Conduct of the Reference A. The Issues Paper B. Consultations C. Research D. Liaison with the Family Law Council E. Draft Legislation III. The Structure of this Report
CHAPTER 2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND I. A Fragmented System of Family Law A. The Constitutional Allocation of Power B. An Unconventional View II. The Family Law Act 1975 III. The Reference of Powers A. Background to the Proposal B. The Proposal Part II: The Social Context
CHAPTER 3. DE FACTO RELATIONSHIPS: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS I. Introduction II. Statistical Information A. The Sources of Statistical Information B. Increase in De Facto Cohabitation in Australia, 1971-1982, and some International Comparisons 1. The Rate of Cohabitation 2. Cohabitation and Marital Status C. Community attitudes Towards Cohabitation: Australia 1971-1981 D. Summary E. Some Reasons for the Increase III. De Facto Partners in 1982: Demographic Information A. Cohabitation and Age B. Duration of the Relationship C. The Presence of Children D. Educational Qualifications E. Birth-Place and Religion F. The New South Wales Figures G. Conclusions IV. The Socio-Economic Position of De Facto Partners A. The Presence of Dependent Children in the Family B. Labour Force Status: De Facto Partners, Married Couples and Never Married People C. Categories of De Facto Relationships D. De Facto Partners and Income Distribution E. Housing Occupancy F. Policy Implications V. The Nature of Legal Problems A. The Need for Information B. Survey of Legal Practitioners C. Survey of Welfare Workers D. Conclusions from the Surveys E. Analysis of Case Studies F. The Experiences of Chamber Magistrates G. Conclusions Part III: Current and Future Policy
CHAPTER 4. CURRENT LAW AND POLICY I. Introduction II. Law and Public Policy III. Commonwealth Legislation A. The Social Security System 1. The General Philosophy 2. Early Moves 3. Widows' Pensions 4. Age and Invalid Pensions 5. Unemployment and Sickness Benefits 6. Supporting Parents’ Benefit 7. The Cohabitation Rule B. Proceedings Under the Family Law Act 1. Responsibilities to Other Persons 2. Financial Circumstances of Cohabitation 3. Other Circumstances C. Commonwealth Income Tax D. Commonwealth Superannuation Fund E. Other Commonwealth Legislation IV. New South Wales Legislation A. Anti-Discrimination B. Workers’ Compensation C. Family Provision D. Domestic Violence E. Criminal Injuries Compensation F. Superannuation V. Summary
I. Introduction II. Should the Law be Changed? A. The Question B. The Need for Change 1. Extent of De Facto Cohabitation 2. Injustices and Deficiencies in the Law 3. Acceptance of the Need for Change A. Equating De Facto Relationships and Marriages B. Rights on Proof of Dependence C. Equating De Facto Relationships and Marriages for Certain Purposes D. Remedying Injustices in Specific Areas IV. Assessment of Three Models A. The First Option - Equating De Facto Relationships with Marriage 1. The Argument in Favour of Equivalence 2. The Argument Against Equivalence 3. Conclusion B. The Second Option - Rights on Proof of Dependence C. The Third Option- Equating De Facto Relationships and Marriages for Certain Purposes V. Our Approach: Remedying Injustice in Specific Areas A. The Approach B. Governing Principles VI. Summary
Part IV: Financial Adjustment Between De Facto Partners
CHAPTER 6. THE BACKGROUND TO FINANCIAL ADJUSTMENT-DISPUTES BETWEEN MARRIED PERSONS I. Introduction II. The Development of Matrimonial Property Law A. Matrimonial Unity B. Separate Property C. Family Property III. The Development of the Law of Maintenance A. The Common Law B. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 C. The Family Law Act 1975 D. A Changing Philosophy IV. Interaction Between Property and Maintenance V. Summary
CHAPTER 7. PROPERTY DISPUTES BETWEEN DE FACTO PARTNERS I. The Current Law A. General Principles B. Allen v. Snyder C. Application of Allen v. Snyder D. Case Studies E. Other Doctrines 1. Proprietary Estoppel 2. Contractual Licences 3. Quantum Meruit A. The Deficiency in the Law B. The Submissions C. Surveys III. The Position Elsewhere A. New Zealand B. Canada IV. Proposals for Reform A. Recognition of Contributions B. An Adjustive Jurisdiction V. Summary
CHAPTER 8. MAINTENANCE CLAIMS BETWEEN DE FACTO PARTNERS I. The Current Law II. Assessment of the Current Law A. The Deficiency in the Law B. Arguments Against Permitting Maintenance Claims 1. The Need for Public Commitment 2. Freedom of Choice 3. Changing Role of Maintenance 4. Social Security as the Primary Source of Support A. Canada B. New Zealand IV. Proposals for Reform A. Two Specific Injustices B. A Restricted Power to Award Maintenance 1. The Power 2. Maximum Duration of Orders C. Criteria for the Assessment of Maintenance 1. General Criteria 2. Eligibility for Social Security
CHAPTER 9. THE NEW FINANCIAL ADJUSTMENT JURISDICTION I. Invoking the New jurisdiction A. The Basic Requirements 1. The Criteria 2. The Specified Period 3. The Definition of a De Facto Relationship 4. A Separation Requirement? 5. A Broader Issue B. Connection with New South Wales 1. The Issue 2. The Solution C. A Transitional Problem A. The “Clean Break” Principle B. A Time Limit III. Powers of the Court A. General Powers B. Injunctions IV. Interaction Between Applications for Adjustment of Property and for Maintenance V. Competing Claims: Spouse and De Facto Partner VI. Summary
CHAPTER 10. CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS I. Introduction II. Claims by and Against Third Parties A. Claims by Third Parties B. Claims Against Third Parties III. Prospective Entitlements A. The Problems 1. Valuation of Superannuation Entitlements 2. Adjustment of Prospective Entitlements B. Solutions 1. Adjournment 2. Deferment of Order V. Variation, Setting Aside and Termination of Orders A. Variation and Discharge 1. Periodic Maintenance 2. Orders for Transfer of Property and lump sum payments B. Setting Aside Orders C. Termination of Periodic Maintenance Orders VI. Effect of a Party’s Death A. Introduction B. Applications for Adjustment of Property 1. Death of (Potential) Respondent 2. Death of (Potential) Applicant C. Applications for Maintenance 1. Death of Respondent 2. Death of Applicant VIII. Stamp Duty on Transfer of Property IX. Courts A. Allocation of jurisdiction B. Enforcement of Orders X. Summary
CHAPTER 11. COHABITATION AGREEMENTS I. Introduction II. Application of the “Public Policy” Doctrine A. The Present Law B. The Arguments 1. Arguments For Enforceability 2. Arguments Against Enforceability C. The Position Elsewhere: Canada D. Recommendation III. Cohabitation and Separation Agreements and Proceedings for Financial Adjustment A. Two Competing Policies B. The Making of the Agreement 1. Safeguards 2. A Duty of Disclosure C. The Effect of an Agreement 1. A Certified Agreement 2. A Non-Certified Agreement 3. Illustrations D. Change of Circumstances after the Making of the Agreement 1. Cohabitation Agreements 2. Separation Agreements 3. Revocation of Agreement 4. Subsequent Marriage V. Enforcement in the Event of Death A. Proceedings by the Personal Representative of a Deceased De Facto Partner 1. Periodic Maintenance 2. Transfer of Property or Payment of a Lump Sum B. Proceedings Against the Estate of a Deceased De Facto Partner 1. Periodic Maintenance 2. Transfer of Property or Payment of a Lump Sum
Part V: Financial Adjustment on Death
CHAPTER 12. SUCCESSION ON DEATH I. Introduction II. Distribution on Intestacy A. The Purpose of the Intestacy Rules B. The Intestacy Rules C. De Facto Partners D. Intestacy Rules in Other Australian States III. Family Provision A. New South Wales B. Other jurisdictions IV. Policy Issues: Intestacy A. The Argument 1. Freedom of Choice 2. Claims of a Spouse 3. Protection of the Family 4. Injustice 5. The Effect of Family Provision Legislation A. The Deceased is Survived by a De Facto Partner and a Spouse and/or Children of Another Relationship B. The Deceased is Survived by a De Facto Partner, but Leaves Neither a Spouse Nor Children of Another Relationship C. Conclusion D. Right to Elect to 'Fake a Share of the “Matrimonial” Home E. Consequential Matters 1. Right to Obtain Administration 2. Valuation of Real Estate 3. Interested Witnesses 4. Multiple De Facto Partners
I. Introduction II. The Compensation to Relatives Act, 1897 A. Actions for the Benefit of a De Facto Partner 1. The Present Position 2. The Position Elsewhere 3. Recommendation B. Incidental Issues 1. Conflicts of Interest 2. The Duration of the De Facto Relationship 3. Apportionment of Damages 4. “Remarriage” The Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1944 A. Nervous Shock B. Loss of Consortium IV. Summary
Part VI: Domestic Violence
CHAPTER 14. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND HARASSMENT I. Introduction II. Remedies Available to Married Persons and De Facto Partners in Respect of Domestic Violence A. Prosecutions for Assault B. Apprehended Violence Orders under Section 547 of the Crimes Act 1900 C. The Crimes (Domestic Violence) Amendment Act, 1982 D. Supreme Court Injunctions E. Injunctions under the Family Law Act 1975 F. Summary of Legal Position III. Assessment of the Law A. The Submissions (Before the 1982 Act) B. Remaining Issues 1. A Civil Jurisdiction 2. Molestation and Harassment 3. Conclusions A. The Supreme Court 1. Orders for Personal Protection 2. Enforcement B. Local Courts 1. Molestation and Harassment 2. A Drafting Problem
Part VII: Children
CHAPTER 15. PARENTS AND CHILDREN I. Custody, Guardianship and Maintenance of Children A. Introduction B. Commonwealth and State jurisdiction 1. Jurisdiction under the Family Law Act 2. State Jurisdiction C. The Law of Custody and Guardianship 1. Commonwealth Law: The Family Law Act 2. State Law D. Child Maintenance 1. Commonwealth Law: The Family Law Act 2. State Law E. The Divided Jurisdiction 1. The Problems 2. Solutions 3. Conclusion F. State Law: Summary of issues for Resolution II. Adoption A. Adoption by De Facto Partners B. Consents III. Summary
Part VIII: Miscellaneous
I. Introduction II. Particular Issues A. Non-Compellability of Witnesses B. Marital Communications C. Landlord and Tenant Act, 1899 D Mental Health Legislation E. Insurance Act, 1902 F. Superannuation G. Miscellaneous Legislation Part IX: Definition
CHAPTER 17. THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION I. A Uniform Definition II. A Basic Definition A. The Suggested Definition B. The Interpretation C. Some Special Cases 1. Concurrent De Facto Relationships 2. The Duration and Continuity of the Relationship D. Recommendation III. Declarations IV. Summary
APPENDICES III. Discussions with People and Organisations Making Submissions IV. Community Attitudes Towards De Facto Relationships
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