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Where am I now? Lawlink > Law Reform Commission > Publications > Index
Discussion Paper 43 (2000) - Contempt by publication
Index
INDEX
| Alternative measures to deal with prejudicial publicity | 2.42, 2.69-2.87, 4.109-4.113 |
| Alternative penalties | |
| Commission’s position | 13.46-13.48, P28 |
| general overview | 13.13-13.45 |
| Appeal proceedings for sub judice contempt decisions | 12.80-12.84, P25 |
| Australian Law Reform Commission report on contempt | |
| background | 1.38 |
| civil juries | 6.15, 6.16 |
| compensation for contemptuous publications | 14.53 |
| fair and accurate reporting principle | 9.7 |
| improper pressure on parties | 6.29, 6.31 |
| innocent publication | 5.39, 5.40, 5.45 |
| instigation of sub judice contempt proceedings | 12.16, 12.26, 12.43, 12.44 |
| judicial officers, influence on | 4.50 |
| legislative list of contemptuous publications | 4.70 |
| media publicity, effect on juries | 2.33, 2.34, 2.56-2.58, 2.86 |
| mens rea | 5.37 |
| mode of trial | 12.76 |
| penalties | 13.15, 13.17, 13.32-13.34 |
| persons liable for contempt | 3.23, 3.46 |
| pre-existing publicity | 4.106, 4.107 |
| prejudgment principle | 6.50, 6.52 |
| public interest | 8.31-8.34, 8.38, 8.42 |
| public safety | 8.47, 8.49, 8.50 |
| publication, definition of | 3.6 |
| reporters, liability of | 3.23 |
| reporting legal proceedings | 10.75, 10.76, 10.80, 10.101, 10.103 |
| sub judice principle, retention of | 2.89 |
| test for liability | 4.21-4.24 |
| time limits | 7.32, 7.43, 7.44, 7.52, 7.60, 7.62, 7.66, 7.70, 7.81 |
| witnesses, influence on | 4.46-4.48 |
| Canadian Law Reform Commission report on contempt | |
| background | 1.35 |
| judicial officers, influence on | 4.50 |
| mens rea | 5.34 |
| mode of trial | 12.77 |
| penalties | 13.35 |
| public interest | 8.28 |
| publication, definition of | 3.6 |
| sub judice principle, retention of | 2.90, 2.91 |
| time limits | 7.31, 7.42, 7.53, 7.66, 7.83 |
| Civil contempt defined | 1.9 |
| Compensation in contempt cases | |
| civil action for damages at common law | 13.72, 13.73, 14.2, 14.3 |
| statutory powers | 14.4-14.6 |
| see also Costs in Criminal Cases Amendment Bill 1997 (NSW) | |
| Costs in Criminal Cases Amendment Bill 1997 (NSW) | |
| amount of costs | 14.23, 14.82, P32, P33 |
| arguments against power to issue costs orders | |
| - discretionary nature of power to abort a trial | 14.39-14.45 |
| - double punishment | 14.21-14.28 |
| - inconsistency with other jurisdictions | 14.49-14.51 |
| - unfair due to absence of fault | 14.33-14.38 |
| - unnecessary | 14.29-14.32 |
| - restriction on freedom of discussion | 14.46-14.48 |
| Attorney General | |
| - application by | 14.10 |
| - certificate of costs | 14.10, 14.66, P32 |
| background | 1.3-1.8, 1.14, 1.15 |
| civil action in tort | 14.71-14.74 |
| civil jury proceedings | 14.79 |
| Commission’s position | 14.56-14.88, P31, P32, P33 |
| conditions for application | 14.7, 14.75-14.77, P32 |
| discontinuance of proceedings | 14.69 |
| discrimination against the media | 14.62-14.65, 14.86, P32 |
| guidelines for the exercise of power to issue costs orders | 14.80, 14.81 |
| justifications for costs orders | 14.13-14.19 |
| publications that attract costs orders | 14.8, 14.67, 14.68, P32 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 14.52-14.55 |
| Supreme Court | 14.9 |
| test for ordering costs | 14.75, 14.76, P32 |
| time of application for costs | 14.11, 14.87 |
| types of recoverable costs | 14.9, 14.59-14.61, 14.83-14.85, P32 |
| Criminal contempt defined | 1.9 |
| Damages | |
| see Compensation in contempt cases | |
| Defences | |
| see Fair and accurate reporting principle; Innocent publication; Public interest; Public safety and Reporting of legal proceedings | |
| Definition of sub judice contempt | 1.21 |
| Fair and accurate reporting principle | |
| Commission’s position | 9.9 |
| general overview | 1.21, 2.41, 9.1-9.6 |
| recommendations of other law reform agencies | 9.7, 9.8 |
| see also Reporting legal proceedings | |
| Fines | |
| Commission’s position | 13.17-13.20, P27, P33 |
| factors relevant to the determination of amount | |
| - apology | 13.6.8 |
| - discharge of jury | 13.6.3 |
| - intention | 13.6.2 |
| - legal advice | 13.6.5 |
| - plea of guilty | 13.6.7 |
| - prior conviction | 13.6.9 |
| - purpose of punishment | 13.6.1 |
| - size of business | 13.6.6 |
| - system to prevent contempt | 13.6.4 |
| general overview | 1.26, 13.3-13.5 |
| upper limit | 13.12-13.16 |
| Freedom of speech (discussion) | 1.20, 1.31, 1.32, 1.38, 1.44, 2.4-2.16, 2.29, 2.36-2.40, 2.43, 2.89, 2.93, 2.109, 2.116, 4.9, 4.11, 4.29, 4.43, 4.51, 4.67, 4.113, 5.7, 5.19, 5.20, 6.14, 6.17, 7.3, 7.25, 7.27, 7.38, 7.45, 7.51, 7.72, 8.3, 8.10. 8.26, 8.30, 8.33, 8.37, 10.66, 10.81, 13.62, 14.46-14.48 |
| Imminent proceedings | |
| see Time limits | |
| Imprisonment | |
| Commission’s position | 13.34, 13.35, P27 |
| general overview | 1.26, 13.21-13.26 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 13.28-13.33 |
| Improper pressure on parties | 2.108, 6.19-6.36 |
| Injunctions | |
| Commission’s position | 13.67-13.71, P29, P30 |
| general overview | 13.57-13.66 |
| Innocent publication | |
| Commission’s position | 2.36, 2.37, 5.42-5.62, P7, P8 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 5.38-5.40 |
| Instigation of sub judice contempt proceedings | |
| by the Attorney General | 1.23, 12.5-12.8, 12.16, 12.18, 12.19 |
| by the court of its own accord | 12.38-12.43 |
| by the Director of Public Prosecutions | 12.10-12.18, 12.45, 12.46 |
| by private individuals | 1.23, 12.22-12.32 |
| Commission’s position | 12.21, 12.33-12.37, 12.44, P24 |
| Intent | |
| see Mens rea | |
| Internet | 2.95-2.105, 5.55-5.62, P8 |
| Irish Law Reform Commission report on contempt | |
| background | 1.43 |
| innocent publication | 5.39 |
| legislative list of contemptuous publications | 4.70, 4.72 |
| mens rea | 5.31, 5.37 |
| mode of trial | 12.78 |
| prejudgment principle | 6.50, 6.53 |
| public interest | 8.29, 8.30 |
| publication, definition of | 3.4 |
| reporters, liability of | 3.23 |
| reporting legal proceedings | 10.74, 10.77 |
| sub judice principle, retention of | 2.92, 2.93 |
| test for liability | 4.22, 4.25 |
| time limits | 7.24, 7.27, 7.33, 7.42, 7.53, 7.67, 7.82 |
| witnesses, influence on | 4.45 |
| Judges | |
| see Judicial officers | |
| Judicial officers | |
| embarrassment to | 2.54, 4.53-4.57, 6.11, 7.75 |
| influence of prejudicial publications on | |
| - Commission’s position | 4.51-4.52, 6.7, 6.10 |
| - current common law position | 2.52, 4.49, 6.2 |
| - views of other law reform bodies | 4.50 |
| Jurisdiction to try sub judice contempt proceedings | 1.23, 12.47-12.53 |
| Juries | |
| discharge of | |
| - admissibility in contempt proceedings | 4.92-4.102, P5 |
| - frequency | 14.29 |
| - relevance in determining liability | 4.92-4.102, P5 |
| - relevance in determining penalty | 13.6.3 |
| media’s effect on (empirical research) | 2.55-2.68 |
| influence of prejudicial publications on | |
| - in criminal trials | 1.18 |
| - in civil proceedings | 6.12-6.17 |
| - Commission’s position | 4.58, 6.18, 7.44-7.47, P3, P13 |
| Liability for sub judice contempt | |
| relevant factors | 4.82-4.84 |
| - availability of remedial measures | 4.109-4.113 |
| - discharge of jury | 4.92-4.102, P5 |
| - likelihood of the publication coming to the attention of the participants | 4.85-4.91 |
| - pre-existing publicity | 4.105-4.108, P6 |
| tests | |
| - actual prejudice | 4.14, 4.26, 4.27 |
| - admissibility of expert evidence | 4.76-4.81 |
| - Commission’s position | 4.29-4.32, P3 |
| - recommendations of other law reform bodies | 4.22-4.25 |
| - “substantial risk” test | 4.10-4.12 |
| - “tendency” test | 1.21, 4.3-4.9 |
| - “tendency” test and “substantial risk” test compared | 4.14, 4.13-4.21 |
| Magistrates | |
| see Judicial Officers | |
| Media | |
| liability of persons involved with prejudicial publications | |
| - distributors | 3.37-3.39 |
| - editors | 3.25-3.28 |
| - proprietors | 3.29-3.31 |
| - reporters | 3.20-3.24 |
| - television licensees | 3.33-3.36 |
| - vendors of printed material | 3.40 |
| nature of liability of | 3.26-3.28, 3.31, 3.32, 5.66, 5.67 |
| Mens rea | |
| absolute and strict liability | 5.8-5.23 |
| Commission’s position | 5.24-5.28, 5.76, P8 |
| see also Innocent publication | |
| intention to interfere with the administration of justice | |
| - actual intention | 5.30-5.32, 5.72-5.76, P8 |
| - generally | 5.1-5.7, 13.6.2 |
| intention to publish | 5.1 |
| negligence | 5.33-5.37 |
| relationship with the courts | 1.48-1.64 |
| Mode of trial | |
| Commission’s position | 12.79 |
| criminal procedure as an alternative to summary procedure | 12.64-12.70 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 12.75-12.78 |
| summary procedure | |
| - arguments for its retention | 12.71-12.74 |
| - historical development | 12.55-12.63 |
| Open justice principle | 2.16-2.19, 2.41, 10.3-10.9 |
| Penalties | |
| see Alternative penalties, Fines and Imprisonment | |
| Persons liable | |
| see Media and Private individuals | |
| Phillimore Committee | |
| background | 1.30-1.33, 1.36, 1.43 |
| fair and accurate reporting principle | 9.7, 9.8 |
| innocent distribution | 3.38 |
| innocent publication | 5.39, 5.40 |
| instigation of sub judice contempt proceedings | 12.24-12.26 |
| live interviews | 5.52 |
| mens rea | 5.37 |
| mode of trial | 12.75 |
| penalties | 13.14, 13.28-13.30, 13.31 |
| prejudgment principle | 6.50, 6.51 |
| public interest | 8.24, 8.46 |
| publication, definition of | 3.4 |
| reporters, liability of | 3.23 |
| reporting legal proceedings | 10.79, 10.80 |
| test for liability | 4.12, 4.22, 4.24, 4.44, 4.50 |
| time limits | 7.29, 7.30, 7.41, 7.43, 7.45, 7.53, 7.60, 7.67, 7.68, 7.80 |
| witnesses, influence on | 4.44 |
| Pre-existing publicity | 4.105-4.108, P6 |
| Prejudgment principle | |
| Commission’s position | 6.54, P10 |
| general overview | 1.21, 6.37-6.40 |
| operation in Australia | 6.45-6.49 |
| operation in the UK | 6.41-6.44 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 6.50-6.54 |
| Private individuals | |
| instigation of sub judice contempt proceedings by | 12.22-12.37, P24 |
| responsibility for sub judice contempt | 3.41-3.45 |
| Procedure | 1.23, 1.24 |
| see Appeal proceedings for sub judice contempt decisions, Instigation of sub judice contempt proceedings, Jurisdiction to try sub judice contempt proceedings and Mode of trial | |
| Public interest | |
| Commission’s position | 2.39, 8.38-8.43, P19 |
| general overview | 1.21, 2.38, 8.3, 8.4 |
| operation and reform proposals in Australia | 8.6-8.21, 8.31-8.36 |
| operation and reform proposals in other jurisdictions | |
| - Canada | 8.25-8.28 |
| - Ireland | 8.29, 8.30 |
| - New Zealand | 8.37 |
| - United Kingdom | 8.22-8.24 |
| Public safety | |
| Commission’s position | 8.50, P20 |
| recommendations of other law reform bodies | 8.44-8.49 |
| Publication | |
| meaning of | |
| - at common law | 2.40, 3.2, 3.3 |
| - Commission’s position | 3.7 |
| - under the Contempt of Court Act 1981 (UK) | 3.4, 3.5 |
| - under the Costs in Criminal Cases Amendment Bill 1997 (NSW) | 14.8, 14.67, 14.68, P32 |
| - recommendations of other law reform bodies | 3.4, 3.6 |
| place of | 3.8-3.10 |
| time of | 3.11-3.16 |
| see also Time limits | |
| types that give rise to liability for contempt | 1.10, 2.45-2.49, 4.36-4.38, 4.59-4.75, P4 |
| Reporting legal proceedings | |
| access to and reporting on court documents | |
| - Commission’s position | 11.9, P22 |
| - general overview | 11.1-11.8 |
| concealment of information from those present in court | 10.15-10.18 |
| - anonymity of witness or party | 10.15, 10.17 |
| - confidentiality of information other than identities | 10.15, 10.18 |
| fair and accurate reporting: | |
| see Fair and accurate reporting principle | |
| open justice | |
| see Open justice principle | |
| private sittings | 10.10-10.14 |
| suppression orders | |
| - Commission’s position | 10.81-10.105, P21 |
| - common law powers | 10.22-10.27 |
| - issues and reform options | 10.43-10.80 |
| statutory powers | 10.28-10.42 |
| Sanctions | |
| see Penalties | |
| Time limits | |
| appeals | 7.54-7.74, 7.84, P15, P16 |
| end point | |
| - criminal proceedings | 7.49-7.77, P14, P15, P16 |
| - civil proceedings | 7.78-7.84, P17 |
| general overview | 1.21, 2.27, 2.28, 3.11-3.16, 7.1-7.5 |
| imminent proceedings | 7.26, 7.27, 7.36-7.38, 7.44, 7.48, 7.85 |
| intentional contempt | 7.85, 7.86, P18 |
| sentencing stage | 7.51-7.53, 7.72, 7.75-7.77, P14 |
| starting point | |
| - criminal proceedings | 7.7-7.22, 7.24-7.39, P11, P12 |
| - civil proceedings | 7.23, 7.40-7.48, P13 |
| Witnesses | |
| categories of publications that influence | 4.36, 4.37 |
| distinction between expert and non-expert | 4.39 |
| influence of prejudicial publications on | |
| - Commission’s position | 4.48, P3, 6.8, 6.9 |
| - general overview | 2.50, 2.51, 4.33-4.35, 4.40-4.43 |
| - in civil proceedings | 4.34, 6.7-6.9 |
| - recommendations of law reform bodies | 4.44-4.47 |
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