Report 104 (2005) - Young Offenders
Index
Updates and background for this project (Digest) Aboriginal people
Cautioning of Aboriginal Young People Protocol ... 6.3
conferencing ... 7.45-7.50
culturally appropriate conferencing ... 7.45
discrimination by police ... 3.52, 3.57
effect of diversion on ... 2.32
impact of YOA on over-representation ... 3.73, 7.48
likelihood of arrest ... 3.9
likelihood of reappearance ... 1.14
Admissions see also Cautions; Conferencing ... 5.38-5.46, 5.49, 6.23
“cooling-off” period ... 5.53-5.57, 5.59-5.60
explanations under YOA ... 5.39, 5.48
legal advice ... 5.39-5.48, 5.50-5.53, 5.55-5.57, 5.59-5.60
Legal Aid Hotline ... 5.45, 5.50-5.51, 5.53
role of police ... 5.44-5.45
timing of legal advice ... 5.47-5.60
Young Offenders Legal Referral ... 5.55, 5.57, 5.59
Age of young offender ... 4.4-4.6
Apprehended Violence Order see also Offence
exclusion of, from YOA ... 4.28-4.35, 4.41- 4.42
Arrest ... 10.11-10.18
court attendance notice ... 3.47-3.49, 10.12-10.17
Bail see also Police
acceptable person ... 10.73
application ... 10.8
area restrictions ... 10.65-10.67
arrest ... 10.12-10.15, 10.21
bail accommodation ... 10.70, 10.89-10.95
bail decision ... 10.19, 10.47
breach ... 10.80-10.82, 10.95
conditions ... 10.51-10.77, 10.80
conferencing ... 7.51, 7.61, 7.65, 10.22
court attendance notice ... 10.12-10.17
criteria ... 10.8, 10.23, 10.32-10.47
curfews ... 10.59-10.61
definition ... 10.9
differential treatment of young people ... 10.24-10.25
dispensing with ... 10.20-10.22
explanation of conditions ... 10.78-10.79
financial surety ... 10.71-10.72
information to assist court ... 10.48-10.50
presumptions ... 10.27-10.31, 10.38, 10.88
principles of ... 10.8-10.9
relevance to sentencing ... 10.3-10.6
remand ... 10.6, 10.25
reporting ... 10.62-10.64
residence ... 10.42-10.47
special needs of youth ... 10.33-10.36, 10.40
undertakings ... 10.51
Care and protection ... 8.130-8.140
Caution
Children’s Court ... 5.26-5.27
disposal of charges ... 6.25-6.26
disposal of records ... 6.29-6.30
DPP ... 5.23-5.24, 6.12
effect on criminal record ... 6.27
entitlement to ... 5.11, 6.4-6.5, 6.12
evidence to rebut doli incapax ... 1.6-1.7
explanations to young offender ... 5.39
introduction of police cautioning ... 2.27
investigating official ... 5.11-5.13, 6.12-6.14
legal advice ... 5.41
limits on entitlement to ... 6.7-6.9, 6.13-6.15
power to caution under CCPA ... 6.19-6.20, 6.22, 6.24
power to caution under YOA ... 5.11, 6.19-6.22
prerequisites ... 5.11, 6.4, 6.23
reasons for ... 6.16-6.18
record of ... 6.31-6.32
who can administer ... 5.12-5.13, 6.2-6.4
who can attend ... 4.47
Children’s Court see also Caution; Conferencing;
Gatekeeper see also Children’s Court Magistrates
appeals ... 9.17-9.18
compensation order ... 8.9
establishment of ... 2.17-2.21
facilities ... 9.32-9.41
head of ... 9.13, 9.15-9.17
jurisdiction ... 9.6
name of ... 9.2-9.5, 9.8-9.9
nature of work ... 9.6-9.7
power to order disqualification from driving ... 8.43-8.47, 8.51-8.56
restorative justice ... 8.4-8.5
sentencing options (see also Youth Drug and Alcohol Court) ... 8.35-8.42
status ... of 9.11-9.12, 9.14, 9.15
Victim Impact Statement ... 8.8
Children’s Court Magistrates
appointment of ... 9.13, 9.23-9.24
judicial education ... 9.25-9.30
qualifications ... 9.20-9.22
rural circuit ... 9.26-9.27
selection ... 9.20-9.23, 9.28
tenure ... 9.24
Community Aid Panels see also Diversion ... 2.37-2.40
Community service order ... 8.65-8.73
conditions ... 8.67, 8.70,8.72
definition of ... 8.65
education and programs ... 8.67-8.68, 8.71, 8.72
purpose ... 8.71
suitability for ... 8.71
Computerised Operational Police System ... 5.16, 6.13
Conferencing see also Restorative justice
administrator ... 5.32, 7.18, 7.27, 7.68
bail ... 7.51, 7.61, 7.65
Children’s Court ... 5.28-5.32, 7.9-7.16, 7.51-7.53, 7.60-7.64
Community Youth Conferencing ... 2.52-253
convenor ... 7.18, 7.47, 7.54, 7.58
development of YOA model ... 2.54-2.58
diversionary option ... 5.28, 7.1
DPP ... 5.22, 7.9-7.10
effect on charge ... 7.28, 7.59, 7.70-7.72
effect on reoffending ... 1.13, 7.37-7.38, 7.40-7.44
effectiveness ... 7.34-7.44
evidence to rebut doli incapax ... 1.6-1.7
explanations to young offender ... 5.39
indigenous offenders ... 7.45-7.50
legal advice ... 5.41-5.42
media portrayal ... 7.29-7.30
New Zealand family group conferencing ... 2.43-2.45, 2.57
objects of ... 4.9, 7.3-7.4, 7.22, 7.31
outcome plans ... 7.22-7.28, 7.63
participants ... 7.25, 7.53-7.54
police ... 7.56
prerequisites ... 4.9, 5.38, 7.2
process of ... 7.17, 7.19
remuneration for participation ... 7.55, 7.67-7.69
restorative justice ... 7.5-7.6, 8.6
role of ... 4.9, 4.14
specialist youth officer ... 5.17-5.20, 7.7-7.8
suitability of offence for ... 5.28, 7.57
time frames ... 5.26, 5.28, 7.12-7.17
Youth Justice Conferencing Directorate ... 2.61, 7.18, 7.47, 7.68-7.69
Court attendance notice see also Arrest ... 3.47-3.49
Definitions
bail ... 10.9
Community service order ... 8.65
gatekeeper ... 5.3
guideline judgment ... 8.102
restorative justice ... 8.6
young offender ... 1.3
Diversion
aims of ... 2.41
community aid panels ... 2.37
criticisms of ... 2.30-2.33
development of ... 2.26-2.27
diversionary approach to sentencing ... 8.1
diversionary procedures ... 5.1
drug offences ... 4.45
early aims of ... 2.28, 2.29
early examples of ... 2.11
exclusion of particular offences ... 2.45-2.46, 4.48-4.50
police cautioning ... 2.45, 2.52, 2.54
rates of ... 3.63
scheme of the YOA ... 2.57-2.58, 2.60
Wagga scheme ... 2.50-2.51, 2.57
Doli incapax see also Young offender ... 1.4-1.7
Drug offences see also Youth Drug and Alcohol Court
exclusion from YOA ... 4.28, 4.37, 4.45
guideline judgments ... 8.107
“move on” power ... 3.23
presumption against bail ... 10.27
presumption for bail removed ... 10.27
scope of YOA ... 4.10, 4.36, 4.38-4.40, 6.21
substance abuse and crime ... 8.77-8.78
summary procedure ... 4.7
survey of drug use ... 8.75-8.76
treatment services ... 8.98-8.100
use of arrest ... 10.12
Fines
amount of fine ... 8.59-8.60
Children’s Court review of ... 8.60
court-imposed ... 8.57, 8.59
default ... 8.61
enforcement ... 8.62
penalty notice ... 8.57
Gatekeeper
cautions ... 6.12-6.15
Children’s Court ... 5.25-5.33
definition of ... 5.3, 5.6, 5.15
distinction between investigating official and specialist youth officer ... 5.16
DPP ... 5.21-5.24
fisheries officer ... 5.34-5.37
investigating official ... 3.3, 5.6-5.9, 5.11-5.14, 5.35-5.37
specialist youth officer ... 2.60, 5.15-5.20
Guideline judgements
aims of ... 8.102
application to young offenders ... 8.105-8.109
armed robbery ... 8.105, 8.117
break, enter and steal ... 8.105, 8.115
dangerous driving causing grievous bodily harm or death ... 8.105, 8.117
definition of ... 8.102
drug offences ... 8.105
explained ... 8.102-8.104
purpose of ... 8.101
meaning of young offender ... 8.107
statutory recognition ... 8.104
Investigating official see Gatekeeper; see also Police
Juvenile delinquency
development of concept of ... 2.3-2.5
vagrancy ... 2.9
larrikinism ... 2.9
Juvenile justice
“child saving” policies ... 2.23
development of system of ... 2.11-2.12
early development of ... 2.7-2.10
industrial and reformatory schools ... 2.13-2.16
justice model ... 2.23-2.24, 2.41
Juvenile Justice Advisory Council ... 2.35-2.36, 2.61
Kids in Justice review ... 2.35
modern aims of ... 2.35
restorative justice ... 2.35
welfare model ... 2.23-2.24, 2.41
Juvenile Justice Advisory Council
establishment of ... 2.35
role of ... 2.36, 2.61
Legal advice see Admissions
Mandatory sentencing
criticisms of ... 8.128
explanation of ... 8.125
inappropriateness of ... 8.126-8.128
Objects of YOA ... 2.58, 4.8, 4.13, 4.25, 5.4
Offence
breach of AVO ... 4.28-4.35
discrimination based on prior ... 3.15
drug ... 4.28, 4.36-4.38
evidence of prior ... 8.15, 8.17-8.21
exclusion of diversionary options ... 4.49
fisheries ... 4.12
inadmissibility of prior ... 8.14, 8.17
indictable ... 4.7, 4.22
larceny ... 4.15
penalty notice ... 4.11, 4.15-4.18
recording conviction ... 8.16
serious children’s indictable ... 4.21-4.27, 11.2
summary ... 2.9, 2.19, 4.7, 4.22, 4.49
traffic ... 4.11, 4.12, 4.17, 8.48-8.50, 8.56
“trifecta” offences ... 3.19
Outcome plan see also Conferencing ... 7.22-7.28, 7.63
Police see also Gatekeeper; Police decisions; Police powers
Ethnic Community Liaison Officer ... 3.59-3.60
recording cautions and warnings ... 6.31
relevance of policing to sentencing ... 3.9
specialist youth officer ... 5.15
use of arrest ... 3.48
admissions ... 5.44-5.46
rates of diversion by ... 3.68
racial discrimination ... 3.50-3.57
ethnic minorities ... 3.58-3.60
Police decisions see also Police; Police powers
arrest ... 10.11-10.15
bail ... 10.10-10.11, 10.13
cautions ... 3.12
conferencing ... 7.7, 7.56
consistency ... 3.13
court attendance notice ... 10.12-10.17
reasons to structure discretion ... 3.7, 3.14
relevance to sentencing ... 3.9-3.10
role of YOA ... 3.14, 3.16
Police powers see also Police; Police decisions
arrest ... 3.47-3.49
recent changes to ... 3.16-3.17, 3.75-3.76
“reasonable directions” power ... 3.23-3.25, 3.30, 3.52
search powers ... 3.20-3.22, 3.28-30
targeting young people ... 3.27-3.30
“trifecta” offences ... 3.18
Presumptions see also doli incapax
of criminality ... 1.4-1.7
Principles of CCPA ... 8.5, 8.12, 8.14, 10.26, 10.37
Principles of YOA ... 2.59, 3.6, 4.8, 4.31, 4.25, 6.10, 6.11, 7.52
Public space
policing of ... 3.18, 3.33, 3.37-3.39, 3.41
occupation of, by young people ... 3.26, 3.31-3.36
police powers ... 3.19
young offending ... 3.34-3.36
initiatives for use of ... 3.42
security guards ... 3.43-3.44, 3.46
banning orders ... 3.44-3.46
Rehabilitation ... 2.24, 2.28-2.29, 2.33, 2.41, 10.74, 11.5-11.7, 11.12
Reintegrative shaming see alsoRestorative justice; Wagga scheme ... 2.46-2.50
Restorative justice
aims of ... 2.42
conferencing ... 2.43, 7.5-7.6, 8.6
court-based sentencing ... 8.5-8.14
description of ... 2.42, 8.6
development of, in juvenile justice policy ... 2.35, 2.41
judicial decision-making process ... 8.7
themes underpinning YOA ... 4.8
theory of ... 2.41
Victim Impact Statements ... 8.8
Serious crimes
application of CCPA ... 11.2
definition ... 11.2
indeterminate sentencing ... 11.11
jurisdiction of the Children’s Court ... 11.2
minimum term ... 11.9, 11.10
non-parole period ... 11.3
principles applying to ... 11.1
reform ... 11.8
rehabilitation ... 11.5-11.7, 11.12
re-sentencing ... 11.13-15
role of District and Supreme Courts ... 11.2
sentencing regime for ... 11.3-4
UK approach to ... 11.8-11.10
Specialist youth officer see also Gatekeeper
conferencing ... 5.17-5.20, 7.7-7.8
Substance Abuse
availability of treatment ... 8.74
rates of ... 8.75-8.77
Wagga scheme see also Reintegrative shaming ... 2.45-2.51
Warnings
establishment of ... 2.58
exclusion of ... 4.49-4.50
investigating official ... 5.8-5.9
notifying parents ... 5.9-5.10
process ... 5.8
Young offender see also Juvenile justice; Juvenile delinquency; Public space; Young people
age of ... 1.3-1.5, 4.4-4.6
definition of ... 1.3
doli incapax ... 1.4
empirical evidence of crime ... 1.8-1.15
identification of ... 8.22, 8.23, 8.29
population of ... 1.8-1.9
presumption of criminal incapacity ... 1.5
public perceptions ... 1.17, 1.20-1.24, 3.36
reoffending by ... 1.11-1.15
who is a ... 1.3
Young people see also Public space; Young offender
banning orders ... 3.45
media images ... 1.17, 1.21
population of ... 1.8
public perception of ... 1.18-1.24, 2.6, 3.36
role of public opinion ... 1.22-1.25
role of media ... 1.17, 1.20, 1.22-1.24
social issues concerning ... 1.25
use of public space ... 1.18-1.19, 2.6, 3.26- 3.27, 3.31-3.36
victimisation ... 1.20
Youth Drug and Alcohol Court
breaches ... 8.85
comparison with Adult Drug Court ... 8.79
comprehensive assessment ... 8.83
effectiveness of legally coerced drug treatment ... 8.95-8.96
eligibility for ... 8.80-8.82
establishment of ... 4.44, 8.79
evaluation of ... 8.87-8.94
geographical ambit of ... 8.82
implications for sentencing ... 8.85
induction unit ... 8.93
Program Plan ... 8.84-8.85
referral by Children’s Court ... 8.80
residence criterion ... 8.82
Youth Justice Advisory Committee ... 2.61
Youth Justice Conferences see Conferencing
Youth Justice Conferencing
Directorate ... 2.61, 7.18, 7.47, 7.68-7.69
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